Cognitive Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Correlation with Glycemic Control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate the association between long-term glycemic control and cognitive function in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over six months from January to June 2024 at the Departments of Neurology and Internal Medicine, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. A total of 200 patients aged 40 to 75 years with established T2DM were enrolled through non-probability consecutive sampling. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool after cultural adaptation. Glycemic control was measured by HbA1c levels. Patients with psychiatric illness, stroke, dementia, or medications affecting cognition were excluded. The association between HbA1c and cognitive function was tested using Pearson correlation with significance at p >0.05. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control was strongly associated with cognitive dysfunction in T2DM. Routine cognitive screening is recommended in patients with poor metabolic control and longer disease duration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".