Citizenship Education and Exclusion: An Analysis of Authorized History Textbooks and Children’s Books in Ontario, 1866-1950
Bibliographic record
Abstract
From the advent of the Liberal government of Wilfred Laurier in 1896, to the Citizenship Act of 1947, the Ontario Department of Education facilitated the teaching of citizenship education through its authorization of history textbooks. Using a critical discourse analysis framework constructed from the theories and analyses of five prominent historians: Reinhart Koselleck, Edward Said, Quentin Skinner, Ken Osborne and Ian McKay, this paper explores how a principle of exclusion was pivotal in supporting an Anglocentric nationalist agenda. History textbooks are examined for evidence of the exclusion of women, Indigenous peoples, immigrants, people of colour, and the working class. This exploration is compared with an examination of children’s books written during the same period. The aim of the comparison is to identify possible alternative citizenship ideals that emerge in fictional narratives as compared with authorized historical narratives, a comparison that, as yet, has not been done before.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.015 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".