Intratumoral cavities in retinoblastoma: Prevalence and association with prognostic histopathological factors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Purpose: Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular malignancy in childhood. Intratumoral cavities represent a rare clinical finding and have been scarcely investigated in large histopathological cohorts. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and morphological characteristics of cavitary RB and to evaluate their association with prognostic histopathological factors. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional histopathological study of 192 enucleated eyes with RB from a single ocular pathology center was conducted. Each case was assessed for the presence of intratumoral cavities, the number of cavities, and the largest cavity diameter. Choroidal invasion and optic nerve invasion (optic nerve head or lamina cribrosa) were documented. Results: Cavities were identified in 28.6% of eyes (55/192). Cavitary tumors showed a mean of 3.0 cavities per case and a mean maximum diameter of 2.18 mm (range, 0.5–6.3 mm). Choroidal invasion occurred in 40.0% of cavitary RBs (22/55) and in 46.0% of noncavitary tumors (63/137; P = 0.45). Optic nerve invasion was observed in 52.7% of cavitary RBs (29/55) and in 56.2% of noncavitary RBs (77/137; P = 0.66). Cavitary tumors exhibited well-differentiated components lining the cavities, including Flexner–Wintersteiner rosettes, Homer–Wright rosettes, and fleurettes. Conclusions: Cavitary RB was identified in nearly one-third of enucleated eyes, a frequency higher than that reported in clinical series, but without association with high-risk histopathological factors. These findings support the interpretation that cavitary RB is a well-differentiated morphological variant and provide a basis for future investigations on tumor differentiation, therapeutic response, and clinical outcomes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".