The Crisis of Policy for Science in France in the First Quarter of the 21st Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article considers the main phases, targets and results of policy for science in France in the first quarter of the XXI century. It is marked that after adoption of the Lisbon Declaration the main targets in the late 1990s became the creation of world competitive institutions of science and education, the increase of their funding, the convergence of science and production in the framework of scientific and production clusters. It is divided into two phases: the preparatory phase (1999—2009), associated with the establishment of the neoliberalism paradigm and the adoption of the technocratic management model of scientific and higher education institutions as enterprises with their inherent financial autonomy, performance ratio and accountability to the main investor — the state. Since 2009, the implementation phase has been launched. It is concluded that despite the successive changes of governments (right-wing-socialist-centrist), not only the policy vector, but also the model of science and higher education management have not significantly changed. Meanwhile, there were accumulating problems: the target indicators of their funding have not been achieved with the progressive growth of management costs, the policy of enlargement of universities and creation of scientific-production clusters has led to mixed results, since, against declared autonomy of institutions of higher education and science, the direct interference in their activities by control authorities and financial oversight has increased, and the competition between them within the country has decreased. In addition, there have been intergenerational ‘traffic jams’ in and out-migration of researchers to management structures, as well as unfair competition within the scientific community with declining support for existing policies. Therefore, a full-blown crisis of policy in the field of science in France during the last quarter of a century, the existence of which is currently denied by the French leadership, can be stated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.021 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".