Árvizek és belvizek a 21. századi Magyarországon = Floods and inland waters in 21st century Hungary

A 21. században nem tartható fenn a jelenlegi vízgazdálkodási gyakorlat, ezért a víz lesz századunk egyik legnagyobb kihívása. A vízválság egyik tényezője a sok víz” problémája, amely három területen jelentkezik: a folyók árvizeinél, a települések úgynevezett helyi vízkárainál és hazai sajátosságként a belvizeknél. A tanulmány áttekinti az elmúlt negyedszázad szélsőséges hidrológiai eseményeit (árvizeket, villámárvizeket és belvizeket), megfogalmazza az ezekből leszűrhető tapasztalatokat, és bemutatja a kezelésükre alkalmazott újszerű műszaki megoldásokat. | Current water management practices cannot be sustained in the 21st century, so water will be one of the greatest challenges of our century. One factor in the water crisis is the problem of “too much water”, which occurs in three areas: river floods, water damage to settlements, and inland waters, which are a Hungarian specialty. The study reviews the extreme hydrological events (floods, flash floods and inland waters) that have occurred in the past quarter century, formulates the lessons learned from them, and presents innovative technical solutions applied to their management. In the period after 1998 – until today – 11 significant floods have occurred on Hungarian rivers (Fig. 1), which – based on their various parameters – can be classified as extraordinary. Flash floods were registered on several occasions on small watercourses in Hungary between 2005 and 2023. The protection strategy against them requires a complex series of measures, the most important element of which is the retention of water in reservoirs. In the last 100–180 years, new and higher flood levels have developed on the Tisza River and its tributaries. Fig. 4 illustrates their succession and increase. In the last few decades, the intensity of the flood level rise has increased in several sections. The strategic issues for the development of domestic flood protection are the causes, expected pace and extent of this water level increase. To improve flood protection of the Tisza River, lowland flood reservoirs were designed and built. A total of seven such reservoirs were completed between 2004 and 2022. These reservoirs are capable of retaining 771 million m3 of water over an area of 273 km2 (Fig. 5). Hungary’s inland water vulnerability is unique worldwide. The area threatened by inland water in our country is approximately 44,000 km2, 47% of the country’s territory. Extremely large inland waters threaten 400–500 thousand hectares in Hungary; under average conditions, 80–100 thousand hectares are flooded (Fig. 6). Hungary has a unique protection organization, expertise and experience in the world for flood and inland water protection. In the past 25 years, numerous novelties, new technical solutions and innovations have been introduced and applied in flood and inland water protection. The study reviews the most important developments.

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