Comparative Evaluation of Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Radiological Parameters in Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, is a growing global health concern. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of dementia, yet the mechanisms linking these conditions remain unclear. This study evaluates metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, and radiological differences in dementia patients with and without T2DM. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, involving 60 dementia patients (30 with T2DM and 30 without T2DM). Metabolic markers (blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, and C-reactive protein [CRP]), cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure and electrocardiogram findings), cognitive performance (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] and Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]), and brain structure changes (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]-based atrophy scales) were assessed. Results: Dementia patients with T2DM exhibited significantly higher body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and CRP levels compared to non-T2DM patients ( P < 0.001). Cognitive impairment was more severe in the T2DM group, with lower MMSE ( P = 0.004) and MoCA scores ( P < 0.001). MRI findings revealed greater medial temporal atrophy ( P = 0.002) and parietal atrophy ( P = 0.008) in T2DM dementia patients, while non-T2DM dementia patients exhibited more severe white matter lesions ( P = 0.008). Regression analysis identified CRP as the strongest predictor of cognitive function (β = −0.4783, P < 0.001), with glycated hemoglobin showing a near-significant association with MMSE ( P = 0.052). Conclusion: T2DM in dementia is linked to greater metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and cortical atrophy, leading to greater impairment in cognitive function. CRP was the strongest predictor, highlighting inflammation as a key therapeutic target.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".