Thirsty eyes: a look at dry eyes in autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Many patients with autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants due to breast implants (ASIA-BII) complain of dry eyes, which may be due to impaired tear production or increased tear evaporation. The clinical differences between ASIA-BII patients with dry eyes, compared to other rheumatic diseases (e.g. Sjögren's Disease (SjD)) are largely unknown. We aimed to better classify dry eye disease (DED) by determining if their symptoms stemmed from impaired tear production. We also explored whether common biomarkers present in SjD patients were detected in DED patients with ASIA-BII. METHODS: We utilised a cross-sectional design to enroll 78 consecutive patients with ASIA-BII, SjD (n=16), and healthy controls (HC) (n=17) from a single centre in our study. We assessed each participant using a Schirmer's test and the SjD Screening Questionnaire (SSSQ). RESULTS: 73.1% of ASIA-BII patients had impaired tear production (Schirmer test <15mm), with severe impairment of tear production (Schirmer's test <5mm) in 47.4%. Severely impaired tear production was similar in prevalence to the SjD patients (p=0.68). ASIA-BII and SjD patients had similar SSSQ scores and rates of abnormal SSSQ scores. Differences were, however, observed in the frequency of positive antinuclear antibodies, anti-Sjögren Syndrome-A (anti-SSA) and anti-Sjögren Syndrome-B (anti-SSB) antibodies between the two groups. When ASIA-BII patients with severely impaired tear production were compared to ASIA-BII patients with normal tear production, a reduction of circulating naive helper T cells (0.014) was observed suggesting a potential role for immune dysregulation in potentiating tear production in ASIA-BII patients. CONCLUSIONS: ASIA-BII patients suffer from dry eyes due to impaired tear production. The SSSQ was unable to differentiate SjD patients from ASIA-BII patients, however, biomarkers such as autoantibodies differ between SjD and ASIA-BII patients. Further investigations are required to further characterise ASIA-BII patients with dry eyes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".