PATTERN OF CHOLELITHIASIS AND ITS RISK FACTORS IN MALE AND FEMALE PATIENTS ON ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Cholelithiasis is a common gastrointestinal disorder with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic disease to acute biliary complications. Its development is influenced by demographic, metabolic, hormonal, and lifestyle-related factors, with marked geographic and gender-based variations. In Pakistan, limited population-based data exist, particularly regarding ultrasound-detected patterns and modifiable risk factors, underscoring the need for local evidence to guide preventive strategies. Objective: To determine the frequency of cholelithiasis and identify associated risk factors among adults using abdominal ultrasonography, with the aim of highlighting potential preventive measures. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using non-probability convenience sampling at two tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 144 adults aged above 35 years who were advised abdominal ultrasound were enrolled after informed consent. Data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, lifestyle factors, medical and reproductive history, and ultrasonographic findings. Gallstones were identified using standardized ultrasound protocols. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22, applying descriptive statistics to summarize variables and exploratory analyses to assess distribution patterns. Results: Among the 144 participants, females constituted 68.06% and males 31.94%. The highest frequency of cholelithiasis was observed in the 35–50-year age group (61.11%). Abdominal pain was reported by 77.78% of participants, while vomiting was present in 50.69%. A positive family history was noted in 70.83%, obesity in 61.11%, and unhealthy dietary patterns in 68.06%. Diabetes mellitus was reported by 34.72%. Among females, 84.69% had a history of pregnancy, with multiple pregnancies reported in 61.22%. Ultrasonography revealed multiple gallstones in 68.75% of cases. Conclusion: Cholelithiasis was more frequent in females and middle-aged adults and was strongly associated with pregnancy, obesity, family history, and unhealthy dietary habits. These findings emphasize the importance of lifestyle modification, weight management, and targeted health education to reduce disease burden.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".