Observance et profanation du dimanche dans l'industrie ferroviaire du Québec au XIXe siècle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: L'historiographie québécoise situe souvent au début du XXe siècle la montée des profanations industrielles du dimanche et l'essor des débats politiques qui les entourent. Cet article éclaire la genèse de ces phénomènes, au Québec, en retraçant au XIXe siècle les résistances religieuses que suscite l'inobservance chronique du dimanche sur les voies ferrées. L'étude, qui s'attache au demi-siècle suivant l'émergence du chemin de fer sur le territoire (1836-1886), restitue l'évolution du combat religieux contre les trains du dimanche, qui naît à Montréal dans les années 1840 et qui se poursuit dans les décennies suivantes, tandis que les compagnies ferroviaires, prises entre des impératifs moraux et commerciaux parfois inconciliables, dérogent constamment à l'observance stricte. Malgré des décalages temporels et confessionnels, ce combat est porté à la fois par les élites protestantes, presbytériennes et méthodistes principalement, et par l'Église catholique, qui parviennent à faire de l'observance du repos dominical une question politique et législative. Abstract: Quebec historiography often places the rise of industrial desecration of Sundays and the ensuing political debates at the beginning of the twentieth century. This article sheds light on the origins of these phenomena in Quebec by tracing the religious resistance to chronic disregard for Sunday observance on the railways in the nineteenth century. The study, which focuses on the half-century following the emergence of the railroad in the territory (1836–1886), traces the evolution of the religious struggle against Sunday trains, which began in Montréal in the 1840s and continued in the following decades, while railroad companies, caught between sometimes irreconcilable moral and commercial imperatives, constantly deviated from strict observance. Despite temporal and confessional differences, this struggle was led both by the Protestant, Presbyterian, and Methodist elites, mainly, and by the Catholic Church, which succeeded in making the observance of Sunday rest a political and legislative issue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".