Reproductive Biology and Gonadal Histology of Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833) in Pondokdadap Waters, Indonesia: Implications for Sustainable Fisheries Management
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the reproductive biology and gonadal histology of Decapterus macarellus in Pondokdadap, East Java, to inform size-and season-based fisheries management.Gonadal maturity stages were identified through combined morphological (Cassie) and histological analysis.The length at first gonadal maturity (Lm) was estimated at 21.08 cm, whereas the length at first capture (Lc) was 20.63 cm, indicating that the current fishery predominantly harvests immature individuals (Lc < Lm).Histological examination of the ovaries revealed five oocyte developmental stages (primary growth, yolk vesicle, vitellogenic, maturation, and post-spawning).Most ovaries were dominated by early oocytes (primary growth and yolk-vesicle stages), with only a small proportion of females reaching advanced maturity stages (III-IV).Oocyte diameters increased from 40.84-56.09μm at early vitellogenesis to an average of 316.25 μm at stage III, and up to 411.80 μm in fully mature oocytes, while post-ovulatory follicles were not observed in the sampled individuals.The coexistence of multiple oocyte stages within the same ovary confirms asynchronous oocyte development characteristic of batch spawners.Our results show that the current fishery mainly exploits pre-spawning fish and that the combination of Lc < Lm and asynchronous spawning necessitates the implementation of a minimum landing size of at least 21.1 cm, together with the identification of peak spawning periods to design temporal fishery closures.These measures would help protect spawning biomass and support the long-term sustainability of D. macarellus in Indonesian small pelagic fisheries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".