Population Structure and Regeneration Dynamics of the Endangered Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) Across Distinct Ecological Gradients in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diospyros celebicaBakh. is an endangered Sulawesi endemic increasingly confined to fragmented, selectively logged forests, yet its population demography across natural habitats remains poorly known.This study quantified population structure, regeneration dynamics, and species associations of D. celebica along edaphic and disturbance gradients in three natural stands in South Sulawesi (Maros, Barru, Sidrap).Vegetation was sampled using belt transects with nested quadrats across four life stages (seedlings, saplings, poles, trees) and analysed using phytosociological indices, important value index (IVI), diversity metrics, soil properties, and chi-square association tests.In Maros, ebony showed strong dominance in tree and pole layers and substantial juvenile representation, forming a size class distribution closely approximating a reverse J-shaped curve (power regression: y = 711.98x⁻²•⁶⁶⁸),indicative of continuous regeneration under moderately acidic, organic-rich soils.Barru exhibited extremely dense seedlings but sharp declines at sapling and tree stages (y = 2312.7x⁻²•¹¹⁴),coinciding with more acidic, low-organic soils and intense competition from shade-tolerant palms.In Sidrap, ebony remained the main canopy species but was strongly underrepresented in juvenile strata (y = 605.8x⁻¹•¹⁵⁸)dominated by other tree taxa, signalling an aging, demographically eroding population.Site-specific association patterns, particularly negative relationships with dense understorey palms, highlight biotic filters on early regeneration.These findings support differentiated conservation strategies tailored to each stand type to secure the long-term persistence of D. celebica in South Sulawesi's tropical forests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".