The Unique and Innovative Contribution of Omdurman City to National Unity and Nation Building in Sudan from 1900 to the 1980s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the factors that enabled the city of Omdurman to grow and become an important socio-cultural, political and innovative urban center that contributed positively to Sudanese national unity and nation-building from 1900 to the late 1980s. Studies of how cities have been agents of change and cultural diffusion are rare and the importance of this study is that it bridges this gap. The growth and influence of cities on their hinterland is based on one or more functions, administrative, political, religious, or inter alia in trade and commerce. Omdurman has played these multi-functional roles. While the population of Omdurman is composed of different ethnic groups which represent a real challenge for social integrity, they were able to attain a social homogeneity and become an innovative socio-cultural society that played a significant role in enhancing Sudanese national unity and nation-building. The peaceful environment and homogeneity of the society of the city have contributed significantly to the innovation and advancement of cultural traits, art, education, politics, media and sport that have made Omdurman a unique Sudanese city. Omdurman continued to play this role until the end of the 1980s, and now for environmental, political and economic reasons has lost most of its inherited characteristics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".