Bibliographic record
Abstract
Historically, the city as a geographical location and a symbol of stability as well as the meeting place of different races has occupied a paramount position in the writings of Arab geographers and travelers. This paper explores the geography of the Arab-Islamic city from different perspectives in order to underline the various elements underpinning the development of the urban landscape of the Arab city in different eras. Initially, the paper investigates the geography of the Arab-Islamic city in Arabic travel literature with focus on the travel chronicle of Ibn Jubayr. However, the predominant argument of the paper deals with the impact of Islamic conquests on shaping the urban landscapes of Arab-Islamic cities in ancient times. The paper argues that after the early Islamic conquests of other nations, the city constituted a driving force for Islam and Muslims built mosques in the heart of cities as a symbol of their religious and political power. The paper reveals that ancient cities in Islamic countries had a morphology that was the result of the needs of their residents. Moreover, the paper illustrates that in the current era the Arab-Islamic city has declined compared to the cities of the West, for many reasons, including random expansion as result of administrative corruption, in addition to political, economic, social and natural drawbacks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".