Biogeography and evolution of the pantropical rainforest genus <i>Crudia</i> (Leguminosae, Detarioideae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Studies of widespread and disjunct pantropical lineages are crucial for understanding past biogeographic relationships and evaluating whether the seemingly homogeneous tropical environments that these lineages inhabit is related to convergent evolution of characteristics that allow occupancy of these habitats or from a single ancestral habitat that subsequently diversified. Here, we investigate the systematics and biogeography of the pantropical genus Crudia (Leguminosae, Detarioideae) using five nuclear markers (ETS, ITS/5.8S, AGT1, AIGP, CALTL) and a broad taxonomic and geographic species sampling. Our Bayesian inference phylogenetic analysis supports Crudia as monophyletic and reveals a strong geographic structure with a clade of Asian species sister to a clade composed of African and American lineages, the latter forming a monophyletic group. Relationships among species within each clade remain mostly unresolved, particularly in the Asian clade. The analyses show that some morphospecies are congruent with clades recovered using molecular markers, whereas others may need further investigation to properly define species limits. Biogeographical and divergence time analyses show that Crudia first evolved during the Eocene from an African ancestor, and subsequently migrated independently to South America and Southeastern Asia. We propose two hypotheses to explain the observed pattern, ranging from oceanic long-distance dispersal, to terrestrial boreotropics expansion, related with the idea of niche conservatism applied to Crudia species, which grow in similar tropical flooded forest habitats across the world.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".