Cognition is Positively Correlated with Anthropometric Indices and Pulse Rate in Community-Dwelling Older Persons in Kano, Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Export Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of cognition with anthropometric indices of obesity, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and blood pressure in community-dwelling older persons in Kano, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred and forty-three participants were recruited. Cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B), 10-item word list learning task, verbal fluency test, delayed word recall, and stick design test. Anthropometric indices and blood pressure were determined using standard protocols. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 66 years. Weight was negatively correlated with orientation (r=−0.276), calculation (r=−0.261), naming (r=−0.291), delayed word list recall (r=−0.342), and visuo-perception (r=−0.270) but positively correlated with verbal fluency (r=0.280), and MoCA-B (r=0.320). Similarly, height was negatively correlated with orientation (r=−0.359), calculation (r=−0.169), naming (r=−0.297), delayed word list recall (r=−0.405), and visuo-perception (r=−0.308) but positively correlated with verbal fluency (r=0.315) and MoCA-B (r=0.329). Waist circumference (WC) (r=−0.272), hip circumference (r=−0.186), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (r=−0.192), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (r=−0.175) were all negatively correlated with calculation skills whereas WC (r=0.184) and WHR (r=0.179) were positively correlated with MoCA-B score. The pulse rate was negatively correlated with MoCA-B (r=−0.175) and positively correlated with calculation (r=0.170), naming (r=0.286), and stick design test (r=0.190). Body mass index, FBG, and blood pressure did not correlate with measures of cognition. Conclusions: Weight, height, WC, and WHtR are positively correlated with global cognitive function but negatively correlated with calculation, orientation, and naming skills in community-dwelling older persons in Kano, Nigeria.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".