ELF/VLF Conjugate Observations Between the Ground and Van Allen Probes A
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the simultaneous observations of quasi-periodical (QP) ELF/VLF emissions between the VLF receiver located at subauroral latitudes in Athabasca Canada (ATH, 54.7N, 246.7E, L=4.3) and the Van Allen Probes A (Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) A). The emissions showed similar spectral and temporal features making this a conjugate event. We based our study on a statistical database from 1 November 2012 to 31 October 2013 and compared a total of 347 emissions observed on the ground with observations made by RBSP A and/or B in the magnetosphere. On 25 February 2013, from 12:46 to 13:39 UT in the dawn sector (04–06 magnetic local time (MLT)), we observed in both locations, a QP emission centered at ~4 kHz, and an accompanying short pulse (SP) lasting less than a second at 4.8 kHz. RBSP-A wave data showed that both the QP and the SP were right-hand polarized with their Poynting vector earthward to the Northern Hemisphere. We used cross-correlation analysis to do the first time delay analysis of a conjugate ELF/VLF event between ground and space. We found +2 to +4 s (ATH saw the emission first) for the QP and −3 s (RBSP A first) for the SP. We performed a propagation study using backward ray tracing from 100 km above ATH to the geomagnetic equator and forward tracing from the equator to RBSP A. We used plasmaspheric density observed by the spacecraft to validate the most likely propagation path for the QP emission, consistent with the observed time delay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".