Study of ELF/VLF emissions at subauroral latitudes: ground and space observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since September 2012, continuous measurements of ELF/VLF emissions, have been carried out\nusing a 100-kHz sampling loop antenna at Athabasca (ATH), Canada (54.60N, 246.36E, L=4.3).\nWe investigated spectral and polarization characteristics of these waves during the VLF-CHAIN\ncampaign and found that their polarization angle varied depending on both frequency and time.\nWe triangulated the location of the ionospheric exit point of three chorus emissions showing it\ncan be affected by small scale plasma processes. We made the first statistical analysis of all\nELF/VLF emissions observed on the ground at subauroral latitudes that includes their features,\noccurrences and association with solar wind and geomagnetic variations. We observed\nmaximum occurrence in the morning (06–07 MLT) and positive correlation between ongoing\nsubstorm/storm activities with increase of wave occurrence.\nWe use conjugate events between RBSP and ATH showing the same spectral and frequency\nfeatures to study wave propagation and generation: (1) QP emission centred at 4 kHz with\naccompanying short pulse (<1 sec) at 4.8 kHz, in the dawn sector (04-06 MLT). Combining RBSPA\nwave data and a time-delay study we use ray tracing based on plasmaspheric density\nobserved by the spacecraft to validate a propagation scenario. (2) Chorus-like burst centered at\n~2.5 kHz lasting ~3 min at 11:17 UT (03 MLT) associated with strong magnetospheric\ncompression (SI with SYM-H amplitude ~63 nT). At RBSP-B we also observed a hiss emission\nstarting earlier that was not observed by ATH. We discuss the differences in generation\nmechanisms and propagation for these two emissions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".