Olfactory dysfunction: possible role in predicting postoperative delirium and worsening of cognitive status
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired olfaction was reported in 24.5% of participants in a community cohort study, with higher prevalence in older adults. Studies have shown olfactory dysfunction to bes associated with mild cognitive impairment and . Several studies found that surgery under general anesthesia often leads to delirium in elderly patients who has olfactory dysfunction, particularly those with impaired cognition, suggesting that underlying neuropathology may play a role in the development of postoperative delirium. We suggest that olfactory dysfunction is associated with worsening of the cognitive status with the extreme of development of delirium after the surgeries under prolonged general anesthesia. AIM The aim of the study was to investigate the value of olfactory testing with Sniffin’ Sticks 12 in predicting possible development of delirium or worsening of cognitive status (evaluated by MoCA (Montreal cognitive assessment) after major abdominal surgeries.METHODS Study participants were patients, scheduled for major abdominal surgery (left or right hemicolectomy, gastrectomy ect.) under general anesthesia at the Department of Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Hospital Kaunas Clinics, Lithuania. We excluded patients with self-reported olfactory dysfunction due to naso – pharyngeal pathology, sinus disease, history of upper respiratory infections or rhinitis, head trauma and neurodegenerative disorders. Demographic data and information about risk factors for smell impairment were collected on the interview. All patients underwent olfactory assessment by „Sniffin‘ sticks“ test (SST) prior to the scheduled surgery. Their cognitive status was evaluated repeatedly by Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) prior to and up to 7 days after the surgery. All patients’ charts were checked for the development of delirium after the surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version [...].
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".