Cultural Socialization Among Chinese Parents in Canada and the United States: Role of Racism, Co-ethnic Social Capital, and Regional-level Characteristics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cultural socialization refers to the parenting practices that promote children’s ethnic pride and transmit cultural messages, customs, and traditions. It has been found to be beneficial to cultural minority children and adolescents in terms of their mental health, cognitive development, and identity development. Understanding the factors associated with parental cultural socialization can inform direct services and tailor program designs. However, there is a lack of literature about cultural socialization among Chinese parents who live in Canada and the United States, particularly the relationship between broader social factors and their behaviours. Using an ecological approach, supplemented by social dominance theory and theories of social capital, this dissertation studies the role of social factors, namely experiences with racism, co-ethnic social capital, and regional-level characteristics, in Chinese Canadian and Chinese American parents’ cultural socialization. This dissertation consists of an introduction, three distinct research papers, and a conclusion. All three papers present the findings of an online cross-sectional survey study with Chinese Canadian and Chinese American parents (n=478). Paper one explores the interconnection among parents’ experiences with acute, everyday, and internalized racism and their cultural socialization practices. Paper two examines the role of offline and online co-ethnic social capital (i.e., cultural resources from co-ethnic networks) in cultural socialization. Paper three investigates the interrelationship between three regional-level factors, including ethnic density, ethnic diversity, and regional socioeconomic status, and individual-level factors, namely internalized racism and cultural socialization. This dissertation fills the knowledge gap by providing insight into how social environments may affect cultural socialization through parents’ appraisal and sense-making of their social experiences. The significant role of internalized racism found in this study, along with the unique nature of anti-Asian racism, demonstrate the need for social workers and parenting services to address racial and cultural hierarchies, internalized social scripts, and the subtle and chronic forms of racism experienced by Chinese in Canada and the United States. The dissertation also points out the need to encourage co-ethnic bonds and the development of local ethnic communities. Implications for social work practices and future research are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".