Youth Exposure to Violence Involvement in the Criminal Justice System: A Developmental Analysis of Youth Police Involvement the Victim-Incarceration Overlap
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Canada, young people between the ages of 12-and 24 years are over-represented in police interaction incidents as both a victim and accused of a crime (Allen & MacCarthy, 2018; Allen & Superle, 2016). Although victimization and crime appear to be two separate outcomes, research from the past sixty years has consistently found that for many who become repeatedly involved in the justice system, experiences of victimization, criminal offending, and incarceration are often connected, a phenomenon known as the victim-incarceration overlap (Berg et al., 2017; Jennings et al., 2012). Despite the strong evidence supporting the existence of the victim-incarceration overlap, there is a lack of clarity within the theoretical literature surrounding (1) the root causes of the overlap; and (2) how the overlap develops over time within the population of youth who become repeatedly involved in the criminal justice system. Using an anti-colonial social work approach, this dissertation aims to critically evaluate the use of policing within the lives of youth while also investigating the developmental nature of the victim-incarceration overlap for youth who have been violently victimized. This work is completed by analyzing official secondary police records data and the longitudinal patterns of youth-police interactions for a sample of 5,609 Ontario youth who initially become involved with the police during early adolescence (12-14 years of age). Using a quantitative within-person design, this research follows the sub-sample of youth who continue to interact with police across later adolescence (15-17 years of age) and early adulthood (18-20 years of age). Study one provides a descriptive analysis of youth-police interactions and the victim-incarceration overlap across adolescence and early adulthood (from ages 12 to 20 years). Study two uses a series of multivariate logistic regression analyses to investigate which types of youth-police interactions predict the victim-incarceration outcome for the subset of youth who continue to be involved with the police during early adulthood. It has been hypothesized that childhood and youth exposure to police-reported violence will be predictive of the victim-incarceration overlap during early adulthood. Findings are discussed in relation to both policy and practice surrounding violence prevention and treatment services.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".