Socioemotional functioning and language impairment in children with prenatal alcohol exposure: a comparison with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
These findings substantiate the need for early screening and intervention efforts in children with PAE specifically targeting the areas of language, social cognition, and emotion processing. Further, this study has identified some of the unique characteristics of PAE, which may help to distinguish them from other clinical populations including ADHD. Prenatal exposure to alcohol is the leading cause of intellectual impairment in the western world. Arguably some of the most debilitating repercussions of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) are the impairments in social, emotional, and behavioural functioning and the increased risk for severe psychopathology. The study included 97 children, 33 with PAE, 30 non-exposed with ADHD, and 34 normal controls. Groups were compared on standardized measures of intellectual, language, and socioemotional functioning. Experimental measures assessing aspects of social cognition and emotion processing were also used to compare groups. This study aimed to determine whether children with PAE, who present with language and attention problems, show a different pattern of socioemotional disturbance than non-exposed children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Another aim was to determine whether there is a significant relationship between the severity of language impairment and severity of socioemotional problems in these children. Results indicated that the PAE group was impaired on many of the measures in the study. The ADHD and normal control groups performed within normal limits on all intellectual and language measures. While the PAE and ADHD groups were similar in caregiver/teacher ratings of social skills problems, differences were found in the severity of their emotional and behavioural profiles. Severity of language impairment was significantly related to severity of socioemotional problems in the children sampled. Performance on experimental measures of social cognition and emotion processing was distinct, with the PAE group performing below average on specific tasks and the ADHD group performing comparably, for the most part, to normal controls.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".