A ‘Truly European Language:’ Europeanization and Supranational Language Regimes in the Case of Romani Language, 1998-2018
Bibliographic record
Abstract
What impact has integration with Europe had on state language regimes in Central and Eastern European countries? This dissertation investigates supranational and state treatment of Romani – the language spoken by many Roma communities in Europe – through an illustrative study of the Council of Europe and case studies of Slovakia and Croatia. Changes in state treatment of Romani in both countries have been significant on paper. In reality, however, implementation is limited or nonexistent. What explains this superficial and attenuated change? The Council of Europe’s language regime, centred on its valuation of diversity, led the organization to support Romani and push member states to do the same. In the context of Central and European countries’ integration into the EU, and into ‘Europe’ more generally, the mechanisms of Europeanization have resulted in the diffusion of elements of this supranational language regime to the domestic level. First, normative pressure and membership conditionality from European institutions have led to increased 'paper promises' – legal and policy commitments to support Romani – that follow the norms and standards of the supranational language regime at the Council of Europe. Secondly, Europeanization has resulted in new tools, opportunities, and political space for Romani language advocates within each country. But the penetration of such of supranational language regimes is also limited by two factors. State resistance emerges from the continued durability of state traditions that delegitimize Romani and exclude it from minority language rights frameworks. Secondly, the remedies for linguistic minorities proposed by both state and supranational language regimes are often a poor fit for Roma communities. Studying state treatment of Romani language helps illustrate the impact of integration with Europe on what I term marginal policy areas: those domestic policy areas which are subject to European pressure but not directly subject to EU rules. I also contribute to recent literature on continuity and change within state language regimes. The study of the politics of Romani language illuminates not only the situation of a specific minority language, or even linguistic minorities more generally, but also the complex interactions between institutions and actors at the state and supranational levels in Europe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".