Cardiovascular response to functional electrical stimulation and passive stepping to improve orthostatic tolerance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Functional electrical stimulation has been used to attenuate the haemodynamic response to orthostatic stress in patients with autonomic disorders. It is believed that involuntary skeletal muscle pump activation increases the venous return and thereby mediates the effects of orthostatic stress. This theory has not been studied extensively in healthy individuals and thus the haemodynamic effect of involuntary stimulation is not well characterized. This study investigated the hemodynamic response from upright tilt during involuntary skeletal muscle pump activity using functional electrical stimulation (FES) and passive mobilization movement. The subjects experience orthostatic stress for 15 minute durations during which blood pressure, heart rate, and blood volume changes were recorded. During head-up tilt, application of FES to the lower limb muscles while the legs were not moving (isometric FES) was found to significantly increase heart rate, whereas the combination of FES with passive mobilization movements of the lower limb (dynamic FES) increased blood flow and cardiac output. Since dynamic FES may be better able to improve orthostatic tolerance, this modality should be further investigated as a potential therapy to prevent orthostatic intolerance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".