Role of Inferior Frontoparietal Structures in Motor Control and Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in which patients are unable to step forward when desired. Abnormal brain circuits responsible for FOG in PD patients are unclear and experimental paradigms are needed to address this disabling symptom. We hypothesized that motor interruptions of lower limb movements while seated may be related to FOG and may indicate abnormal brain activities. In Study 1, we tested 19 PD patients and 20 healthy controls and showed that motor interruption or cessation of bilateral stepping while sitting correlated with the presence and severity of FOG and this effect persisted in the “on” dopaminergic medication state. In Study 2, we tested how these “lower limb motor blocks” or LLMB are related to changes in 4-30 Hz cortical activities recorded from 64-channel scalp electroencephalography. In 17 PD patients, we found that sporadic LLMB differed from typical steps in the right angular gyrus (RAG, F=154.6, P=0.0185, before and during LLMB>typical steps). LLMB also differed from cued stops in the right inferior frontal gyrus (F=32.0, P=0.0005, before LLMB>cued stops; F=42.0, P=0.0005, during LLMB
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".