Bibliographic record
Abstract
Osteoporosis, by definition, is the loss of bone mass and bone strength. Its development is driven by changes in the structure and tissue composition of bone. Women tend to experience these changes to a greater extent than men. Fractures can be catastrophic for an elderly individual with osteoporosis. Fractures affect an individual’s mobility, self-care, quality of life and are associated with an increased risk of death. A debilitating sub-type of osteoporotic fracture is the atypical femur fracture or AFF. AFFs preferentially affect women and are associated with long-term use of antiresorptive osteoporosis medications. Because of this association, it has been suggested that AFFs are the result of structural or mineralization changes in bone. It is unclear why some individuals who take antiresorptive therapy experience AFF while others do not. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that have been non-enzymatically glycated. AGEs have been implicated in many degenerative diseases and aging. In bone, AGE accumulation makes bones brittle and may contribute to fracture incidence. Pentosidine (PEN) is an AGE which has been implicated in bone fragility. Bone PEN and serum PEN are linearly correlated and elevations in both are associated with fracture. PEN is an attractive potential biomarker of osteoporosis, fracture and AFF and assessment of serum PEN may provide insight into how systemic changes in AGEs may relate to skeletal changes with aging. Thus, this thesis aimed to explore the association between serum PEN, osteoporosis and fracture, particularly AFF. A cohort of women in the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study were used to investigate the possible associations between serum PEN, osteoporosis and fracture. We found that serum PEN was not associated with a diagnosis of osteoporosis but was associated with fragility fracture. A series of case-control studies were then conducted and found that elevated serum PEN is associated with AFF. Collectively, these analyses suggest that AGEs play a role in fracture and likely affect bone quality. However, the effect of AGEs may only be relevant for a portion of the osteoporotic population. Further characterization of AGEs is warranted as they may emerge as a useful AFF screening tool.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".