Learning disabilities in school-aged children of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A relationship has been suggested between maternal immunoreactivity and adverse developmental outcomes in the offspring. This study examined the potential gestational influence of one such disease process, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), to determine if more children of mothers with SLE have learning disabilities, and in particular reading disabilities, compared to children of mothers who do not have SLE. A comprehensive battery of measures assessing various domains of neurocognitive functioning that have been shown to be related to reading difficulties was administered to children, ages 6--12 years, of mothers with and without SLE. Results indicated that prevalence rates of learning and reading disabilities were significantly higher (two-to-four-fold) for children of mothers with SLE compared to the rates expected in the general population. Moreover, post hoc exploratory analyses indicated that children of mothers with SLE scored lower compared to mean normative test performance on measures of word reading (pseudowords), on two neurocognitive processes that have been shown to be related to reading achievement, namely the analysis and synthesis of sounds in words and verbal memory span, and on perceived problems with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Higher levels of parenting stress were reported by mothers with SLE compared to a community sample of mothers who do not have SLE and by SLE mothers of learning disabled children compared to nonSLE mothers of learning disabled children. After controlling for overall parenting stress, learning disabled children of mothers with SLE did not exhibit a unique pattern of difficulties in academic achievement or attention problems, but they had lower scores on a measure of verbal working memory relative to learning disabled children in a community sample. Results are discussed in terms of the possible relationship between SLE in mothers and learning disabilities in their offspring, and the implications for clinicians and educators. However, given the post hoc exploratory nature of the comparisons between children of mothers with SLE and the normative sample and the comparisons between learning disabled children of mothers with SLE and learning disabled children of mothers in the community sample, the results of the post hoc analyses should be viewed as tentative findings requiring further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".