Coordination, Cooperation and Competition Among Unions in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
My dissertation explores the internal dynamics of the Canadian labour movement. While the labour movement faces numerous external challenges, shifting the focus inward to the organizations that comprise the labour movement can provide insights into pathways for union revitalization. Empirically, I examine how inter-union competition impacts wage settlements and whether and how the occurrence of a strike is impacted by strikes in other organizations. Chapter 1 situates these questions within the broader discourse on union revitalization and within the Canadian context. Chapter 2 presents a methodology for constructing a novel dataset on wage adjustments, which facilitates analysis of outcomes at the collective agreement level. This dataset is used in Chapter 3 to study the impact of inter-union competition. Inter-union conflicts have been argued to both damage and strengthen the labour movement. I examine the relationship between inter-union competition and wage adjustments for unionized workers in Ontario using measures of competition derived from the prevalence of alternative unions, as well as changes and attempted changes in union representation (i.e. raids). In Chapter 4, I explore whether strike activity spreads. While prior literature has hypothesized that strikes trigger further strikes, I develop the theory of strike spread by incorporating the strategic responses of employers and unions to a strike at an external organization. Strikes are predicted to spread only under narrow circumstances: a barrier to employer concessions at the focal organization, or when strike issues are broad and unions perceive an opportunity to coordinate their actions. In contrast strikes are not predicted to spread when the employer at the focal organization responds to workers’ strike-readiness by granting concessions, or when unions perceive an opportunity to free-ride on an external strike. I estimate the extent of strike spread by incorporating a measure of local strike activity in a model of strike incidence. I find limited evidence of spread, consistent with the theory but in contrast to prior literature which finds strikes spread “like wildfire”. Chapter 5 concludes by situating the findings of the empirical chapters within the context of union revitalization and discusses the implications of the studies for the labour movement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".