Perfectionism in school-age children experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety: Characterization and relationship to treatment outcomes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research concerning the maladaptive nature of perfectionism has largely focused on adolescents and adults and less on this problem in children. The few studies examining perfectionism in children have identified that the relationship between perfectionism and maladaptive outcomes is similar to adults, making this an important area to study. To investigate further the problem of perfectionism in children, two studies were presented in this dissertation. The purpose of the second study was to examine the relationship between perfectionism and treatment outcomes. Based on adult studies, it was predicted that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) would reduce ratings of perfectionism in children. It was also predicted that perfectionism would be predictive of poorer treatment outcomes. For both studies, participants (n = 80) were drawn from a larger study examining the efficacy of a school-based intervention program for children in grades 3 to 6 reporting symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results from study one indicated that Self-Oriented Perfectionism (SOP) was related to maladaptive outcomes while Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP) was not. Both self-worth and SOP predicted depression, as predicted, yet for social anxiety, SOP explained unique variance over and above self- esteem. Results from study two indicated that participation in a structured group reduced Self-Oriented Perfectionism (SOP) and that SOP at time 1 predicted depression at time 2, yet, the same relationship was not found for anxiety. Results were discussed in terms of (1) the role of development for the differentiation of the dimensions of perfectionism (2) the differences between depression and anxiety in children (3) the benefits of structured groups and (4) perfectionism as a challenge for the treatment of depression in children. Applications, limitations, and future directions were suggested. The objective of the first study was to examine the relationship between perfectionism and maladaptive outcomes in children. Based on past research done with both adults and children, it was predicted that perfectionism would relate to low self- worth, depression, and anxiety. Research done with adults has demonstrated that low self-esteem is important in understanding the relationship between perfectionism and maladaptive outcomes, yet this has not been examined in children. Given that children are in the process of developing both personality and sense of self, it was predicted that both perfectionism and low self-worth would predict symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".