Bibliographic record
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating disorder that affects approximately 1 percent of the population and is characterized by delusions, hallucinations and disorganized behaviour. Dysfunction of cortical inhibitory processes has been regarded as key to understanding the pathophysiology of this condition. This evidence has been ascertained from neuropathological, cognitive, evoked-potential and neuromotor studies. Until recently, however, no direct means of determining inhibition in vivo from the cortex was available. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), cortical inhibition can be measured using at least three TMS inhibitory paradigms: short interval cortical inhibition (SICI), cortical silent period (CSP) and interhemispheric inhibition (IHI). Study 1 was designed to measure cortical inhibition in schizophrenia using the three aforementioned TMS inhibitory paradigms. Our results demonstrated that unmedicated patients with schizophrenia have deficits in cortical inhibition across all three TMS paradigms. Moreover, this deficit was reduced in medicated patients with schizophrenia. Two important questions were raised by this initial study. First, it was unclear whether greater cortical inhibition in the medicated group could be related to the direct pharmacodynamic effects of antipsychotic medications. Second, the relationship between these inhibitory paradigms remains unclear. These questions were addressed in study 2 and 3. In study 2, we explored the effects of the antipsychotics olanzapine and haloperidol in healthy control subjects using the three aforementioned TMS paradigms. Our results demonstrated that neither olanzapine, haloperidol nor placebo resulted in a significant changes in cortical inhibition at 6 and 24 hours post-administration compared to baseline across all three paradigms. In study 3, we explored the relationship between the three aforementioned inhibitory paradigms. Our findings suggest that both TCI and CSP may share common inhibitory mechanisms. In contrast, the inhibitory mechanisms mediating TCI are likely different from those mediating SICI. The results of these studies suggest that schizophrenia is a disorder that is associated with deficits in cortical inhibition that may be related to dysfunction of inhibitory interneurons. Moreover, they highlight the need for further exploration into the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia in the context of dysfunctional cortical inhibition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".