Homocysteine, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Blood-Based Biomarkers in Apolipoprotein E ε4 Carriers and Non-Carriers across Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The amino acid homocysteine (Hcy) is a risk factor for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, its relationship with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele on neurodegenerative outcomes is not well-characterized. Participants with neurodegenerative or cerebrovascular diseases were stratified by the presence of the APOE ε4 allele. Brain volumes and small vessel disease marker volumes were quantified with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Amyloid, tau, and neurodegenerative blood-based biomarkers were quantified with single molecule arrays, and Hcy was quantified with an immunoassay. Hcy was associated with lower brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) and higher neurofilament light chain (NfL) in APOE ε4 non-carriers, but not in carriers. Within each disease subgroup, BPF associations remained consistent except in Parkinson's disease, where Hcy was associated with BPF regardless of APOE ε4 carrier status. These results may provide insight into the role of Hcy in neurodegeneration in different diseases.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".