Barriers and Facilitators to Willingness to Participate in Stroke Research Studies: A Qualitative Study Focusing on the Role of Sex and Gender
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This qualitative study explored the influence of sex and gender-related variables on willingness to participate in stroke research. Despite a similar stroke incidence to that of men, women often experience worse outcomes and have been underrepresented in research. Using an intersectionality lens and the Theoretical Domains Framework, the study examined attitudes, beliefs, barriers, and facilitators affecting willingness to participate among post-stroke individuals. Data were collected through online focus groups and interviews with 13 participants (54% men, 46% women). Key barriers to participation included mistrust, inaccessibility, and concerns about interventions, while facilitators included trust, accessibility, positive perceptions of researchers, structured recruitment approaches, compensation, and altruistic motivations. Findings highlighted the need for tailored recruitment strategies that address the specific concerns and preferences of both men and women, enhancing research participation and improving the applicability of medical guidelines in the case of stroke with likely applications for research into other conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.030 | 0.032 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".