The Relationship Between Biomarkers of Gut Barrier Integrity and Cognition in Cognitively Vulnerable Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The gut barrier, consisting of tight epithelial junctions, keeps the contents of the intestinal system separate from the systemic circulation. Gut barrier dysfunction has been demonstrated in dementia, but not yet studied in cognitively vulnerable adults at risk of dementia. If gut barrier dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment in vulnerable groups, it may represent a potentially modifiable risk factor to prevent further cognitive decline and dementia. Both Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Major Depressive Disorders (MDD) are associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline, and both conditions have been associated with gut barrier dysfunction. Exercise can improve cognition and preliminary investigated the relationship between peripheral biomarkers of gut barrier integrity and cognitive performance in three cognitively vulnerable groups: those with CAD, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and remitted Major Depressive Disorder (rMDD). We also investigated whether exercise impacted the relationship between biomarkers of gut barrier integrity and cognition among CAD patients. Methods and Results: Study 1. The cross-sectional relationship between serum levels of Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 2 (FABP2), a biomarker of poor gut barrier integrity, and executive function (primary outcome, composite executive function (EF) was calculated as the mean of the z-scores of Trails B, FAS, and Animal Naming tests) was evaluated in CAD patients (n=41) There was no significant association between FABP2 and composite EF (F(2, 33)=2.29), B=0.51, p=0.31). Study 2. The cross-sectional relationship between serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), another biomarker of poor gut barrier integrity, and composite EF was evaluated among patients with MCI (with or without rMDD) (n=133). There was no significant association evidence also indicates potential beneficial effects on gut barrier integrity. This thesis between LPS and composite EF (F(2, 130)=10.01, B=-13.10, p=0.28). Study 3. To evaluate whether moderate-intensity exercise could impact gut barrier integrity biomarkers and cognition, serum FABP2 was analyzed from CAD patients before and after undergoing a 12-week exercise program (n=41). Delayed verbal memory, the primary outcome, was measured using California Verbal Learning Test Z-scores. Greater baseline FABP2 was associated with a worsening in delayed verbal memory scores following exercise (F(3, 32)=7.57), B=-0.48, p=0.018). Conclusions: Overall findings did not support a consistent relationship between peripheral biomarkers of gut barrier integrity and cognition among cognitively vulnerable adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".