Federalism, foreign policy and the internationalization of higher education: a case study of the International Academic Relations Division, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis provides a historical case study of the International Academic Relations Division within the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT) and fills a gap in the existing literature on the internationalization of Canadian higher education. The research questions focused on understanding the mandate and role of the Division since its inception in 1967 to 1995, the changes in its policy and program approaches over time, the strategies or mechanisms developed for national policy coordination, and more broadly how the Department's foreign policy framework influenced the Division. A comparative analysis of the Canadian case with the departments of foreign affairs in Australia and Germany assisted in highlighting the uniqueness of the Canadian approach. Literature on federalism and internationalization and globalization provided a theoretical framework for the study. The three country comparison highlighted the importance of the overall framework of a country's foreign policy, the presence or absence of ICR, and a country's unique historical and cultural context, in directly impacting its approach to international education. In addition, it suggested that higher educational policy is a result of a nation's federal structure and the presence or absence of federal-state level coordination mechanisms. The International Academic Relations Division has engaged in the internationalization of higher education in one form or another, albeit its specific role and mandate and its program and policy approaches have changed over time. These changes were highlighted through three historical time periods. Several of the initiatives and policy approaches discussed in this thesis, in particular the successes of the Canadian Studies Program Abroad, have not been addressed in the literature on the internationalization of Canadian higher education. The thesis concluded that the internationalization of higher education policy agenda although influenced by ICR in a country's foreign policy is much more directly linked to a country's higher educational policy structure and mechanisms, and challenged the accepted view that DFAIT should provide leadership in developing a national strategy for internationalization. It proposed a range of policy, program and research recommendations, the most important being the need to further understand internationalization as a broader Canadian higher education policy issue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.037 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".