The Impact of Ammonia Combustion on Soot Emissions Formation in Compression Ignition Engines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The impact of ammonia (NH3) co-firing with diesel on the greenhouse gases (GHG) and soot emissions of compression ignition (CI) engines is a current concern in large-scale agriculture, marine transportation, and shipping applications for which NH3 is proposed as a near-term decarbonization solution. In this thesis, the addition of NH3 to hydrocarbons combustion is studied in laminar diffusion co-flow C2H4 flames and through port injection in a dual fuel diesel engine. The effect of NH3 combustion on soot formation is investigated numerically and experimentally using measurements of: (1) the soot volume fraction and mass yield, (2) the average primary particles diameter and number concentration, (3) the graphitization of the soot nanostructure, and (4) the soot surface nitrogen content. Engine GHG, NOx, and unburnt NH3 emissions are also measured. The results show a suppressive chemical effect for NH3 cofiring with hydrocarbons on soot inception and growth in flame and engine combustion. The chemical bonding of nitrogen to the soot surface is found to increase soot graphitization leading to less carbon bonding. In addition, the nitrogen content of the soot surface is found to increase indicating an increased potential for nitrogenated PAHs formation with NH3 addition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".