Climate Change Adaptation in Quebec Municipalities: Explaining the Strategy Chosen by Local Governments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The scientific community agrees that climate change is rapidly unfolding across the globe and future impacts will be severe unless countries can reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in the next decade. Despite this context, municipal governments in Canada (and elsewhere) have been slow to take actions to reduce their vulnerability to future climate change impacts. Among the ten largest cities within the province of Quebec, most have taken some ad hoc efforts to mitigate the negative consequences of future climate change impacts. However, only four cities have adopted a formal climate change adaptation plan (Montreal, Laval, Sherbrooke, and Trois-Rivières) while the other six (Quebec City, Longueuil, Saguenay, Gatineau, Lévis, and Terrebonne) have not. This dissertation aims to shed light on the different climate change adaptation efforts of six of the ten largest municipal governments in the province of Quebec. This dissertation undertakes in-depth paired comparisons of six Quebec cities: Montreal and Quebec City, Laval and Longueuil, and Sherbrooke and Saguenay. In doing so, the thesis uncovered two analytic findings and two empirical patterns. First, scholars need to pay attention to the first four stages of the policymaking process (i.e., agenda-setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, and policy implementation) to fully understand why some cities have adopted and implemented a formal climate change adaptation plan while others have not. Indeed, some policy stages are more crucial than others, and that the drivers and barriers a policy faces are not constant through out the policy-making process. Second, the size of city matters, and smaller cities (i.e., Laval, Longueuil, Saguenay, and Sherbrooke) do not face the same challenges as larger ones (i.e., Montreal and Quebec City). Third, contrary to one might have expected, climate change adaptation has low salience at the municipal level. Fourth, municipal efforts regarding climate change adaptation follow an incremental process where local governments first take ad hoc efforts, and then adopt, in some cases, a formal climate change adaptation plan approved by the city’s council. This means that some municipalities included in this research project are ahead of others on their climate change adaptation journey. La communauté scientifique est unanime sur le fait que les changements climatiques se font déjà sentir et que les conséquences négatives de ceux-ci seront de plus en plus importantes si les États ne parviennent à réduire leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Malgré ce contexte, les gouvernements municipaux au Canada (et ailleurs) peinent à mettre en place des mesures pour réduire leur vulnérabilité face aux futurs impacts des changements climatiques. Parmi les dix plus grandes villes du Québec, la majorité d'entre elles a déployé des efforts ponctuels pour atténuer les conséquences négatives liées aux changements climatiques. Or, seules quatre villes ont adopté une politique formelle d'adaptation face aux changements climatiques (soit Montréal, Laval, Sherbrooke et Trois-Rivières) tandis que les six autres municipalités (soit Québec, Longueuil, Saguenay, Gatineau, Lévis et Terrebonne) ne l'ont pas fait. Devant cette observation, la présente thèse vise à mieux comprendre les différentes mesures d'adaptation mises en place par les villes et d’expliquer la trajectoire choisie par six des dix plus grandes municipalités du Québec. Pour répondre à cette problématique, cette dissertation étudie trois paires: Montréal et Québec, Laval et Longueuil ainsi que Sherbrooke et Saguenay. Ce faisant, la thèse fait deux contributions théoriques et met en lumière deux constats empiriques. Premièrement, les chercheurs doivent porter une plus grande importance aux différentes étapes du processus d'élaboration des politiques pour comprendre pourquoi certaines villes ont adopté et mis en œuvre une politique formelle d'adaptation face aux changements climatiques alors que d’autres ne l’ont pas fait. Deuxièmement, la taille des municipalités a un impact sur la capacité des villes à mettre en place des mesures d’adaptation. Troisièmement, l’adaptation face aux changements climatiques est un enjeu très peu traité par les médias traditionnels indiquant un faible intérêt face à cet enjeu. Dernièrement, les efforts municipaux concernant l'adaptation face aux changements climatiques suivent un processus incrémental selon lequel les gouvernements locaux entreprennent d'abord des efforts ponctuels avant d’adopter (le cas échéant) une politique formelle d'adaptation par le conseil municipal. Cela signifie que certaines municipalités étudiées sont plus avancées que d’autres dans leur réflexion concernant l’adaptation face aux changements climatiques.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".