Becoming a “Professional Folklore Musician”: The Coloniality of Higher Music Education in Peru
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This dissertation uses a historically-informed ethnographic method to investigate the ways in which the “professional folklore musician” is culturally produced at the National School of Folklore José María Arguedas in Lima, Peru. Efforts to reform tertiary music education in the face of systemic racial discrimination, sexual abuse, and colonial violence have suggested that a more inclusive approach to non-European expressive cultures can alleviate these problems. However, reform proposals lack the empirical evidence to support them, and fail to underscore how music education itself is entangled with the process of colonization and how it reinforces the social hierarchies structured by it. Through fieldwork, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis, this research focuses on: (1) the historical process by which discourses of “music,” “folklore,” and “professionalism” materialized as part of the emplacement of coloniality in Peru, (2) how this history shapes the ways in which the National School of Folklore produces “folklore professionals,” and (3) how its students reproduce, adapt, or resist this model. The analysis shows that these discourses are contested arenas where social hierarchies are affixed and reproduced, while also providing a space for non-dominant expressive cultures to seek social and political legitimation. The “professionalization” that the School promotes, requires a retrofitting of vernacular forms of music and dance into stylized presentational formats and an enculturation of students into “academic” knowledge and ways of being. The data also reveals how students creatively produce their identities as “professional folklore musicians” out of a wide variety of sources, sometimes in ways that short-circuit the process of colonial reproduction of privilege and domination. These findings suggest that the reform of tertiary music education should analyze more closely the model of “professional musician” that operates in each context, and how it is entangled with the historical emplacement of coloniality. The dissertation also recommends that efforts at reforming these institutions should study closely the ways in which students culturally produce their professional identities and support those processes in ways that undermine the reproduction of colonial hierarchies. Esta disertación utiliza un método etnográfico históricamente informado para investigar las maneras en las que el “músico profesional del folklore” es culturalmente producido en la Escuela Nacional Superior de Folklore José María Arguedas en Lima, Perú. Frente a la discriminación racial, el abuso sexual y la violencia colonial, los esfuerzos para reformar la educación musical terciaria indican que una actitud más inclusiva hacia las culturas expresivas no europeas puede aliviar estos problemas. Sin embargo, estas propuestas de reforma carecen de evidencia empírica que las sustente y suelen omitir la manera en que la educación musical misma esta entrelazada con el proceso de colonización y cómo tiende a reforzar las jerarquías que esta impuso. A través de trabajo de campo, entrevistas semiestructuradas y análisis documental, esta investigación se enfoca en: (1) el proceso histórico por el cual los discursos sobre “música”, “folklore” y “profesionalismo” se materializaron como parte del emplazamiento de la colonialidad en el Perú, (2) en cómo este proceso histórico da forma a las maneras en que la Escuela Nacional de Folklore produce “profesionales del folklore” y (3) cómo sus estudiantes reproducen, adaptan o resisten a este modelo. El análisis muestra que estos discursos son escenarios en disputa donde las jerarquías sociales son fijadas y reproducidas, a la vez que proveen de un espacio en el que culturas expresivas no dominantes pueden reclamar una legitimación social y política. La “profesionalización” que la Escuela promueve, requiere una adecuación de las formas musicales y danzarías vernáculas a formatos estilizados y presentacionales, así como una enculturación de los estudiantes dentro del conocimiento “académico” y las formas de comportamiento asociadas a este. La data revela también cómo los estudiantes producen de maneras creativas sus identidades como “profesionales del folklore” a partir de una gran variedad de fuentes, y en ocasiones de maneras que interrumpen el proceso de reproducción del privilegio y la dominación coloniales. Estos datos sugieren que la reforma de la educación musical terciaria debería analizar con mayor atención cómo opera el modelo de “músico profesional” en cada contexto y cómo este está ligado al proceso de emplazamiento colonial. Esta disertación sugiere además que los esfuerzos dirigidos a reformar estas instituciones debería prestar atención a las maneras en las que los estudiantes culturalmente producen sus identidades profesionales y apoyar esos procesos de manera que socaven la reproducción de las jerarquías coloniales.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".