The Effect of Ambient Humidity on Evaporation of Ethanol-Water Solutions
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to study the evaporation of ethanol-water solutions with ethanolconcentration varying from 50 vol% to 100 vol%. A cylindrical container, 27.9 mm in diameter, was filled to a depth of 1.6 mm with l mL of liquid and placed on a weight balance in a sealed chamber through which air flowed with a constant velocity of 0.8 m/s and relative humidity of either 20% or 90%. Changes in the mass of liquid were recorded as it evaporated, its temperature measured using a thermocouple, and small samples extracted periodically to measure their ethanol concentration with an optical refractometer. The rate of mass evaporation was a constant for a given ethanol-water ratio and diminished significantly when ambient humidity was increased since the rate of water evaporation increased. As a solution evaporated the concentration of ethanol, the more volatile component, decreased. Raising ambient humidity made this decrease larger since less water evaporated. Evaporative cooling reduced the liquid temperature by 2-4°C below the ambient air temperature. An analytical model was developed that accurately predicted evaporation rates. When ethanol evaporates in air with high relative humidity the model predicts that water will condense onto the cooler liquid.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it