Zirconia Phase Stability: Using the Microcracked Layer for the Infiltration of a Nanofilm
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-SZ) materials, used for indirect dental restorations, are prone to low-temperature degradation (LTD). LTD generates a tetragonal-to-monoclinic (t-m) transformed layer and we hypothesize that the infiltration of this layer by nano oxides could seal Y-SZ against further degradation.Objectives: To evaluate the effect of hydrothermal aging (HA) on the surface and bulk properties of Y-SZ materials with different compositions and levels of translucency; To investigate Y-SZ transformed layer potential to be infiltrated by SiO2 thin films, aiming to develop a hybrid zirconia-silica interface; To analyze the stability the hybrid zirconia-silica interface after exposure to artificial aging (AA). Materials and methods: Four Y-SZ materials with different crystalline compositions were used. Specimens were exposed to HA for different times, and surface/bulk properties and crystalline stability were analyzed. Surface treatments (hydrothermal treatment (HTT) and room temperature atomic layer deposition (RT-ALD)) were used to deposit thin films of silica (SiO2). Surface properties and chemical analyses were performed to characterize the deposited SiO2 films. AA was applied to silica-RT-ALD-treated specimens and nanoindentation, crystalline stability, and surface chemical composition were analyzed as a function of SiO2 deposition. Results: For non-silica-RT-ALD specimens, zirconia composition significantly affected roughness (p=0.016) and elastic modulus (p=0.001). There was a significant interaction effect of material and HA on flexural strength (p=0.012), wettability (p<0.001), and hardness (p=0.002). The interaction effect of material and treatment (HTT and RT-ALD) on roughness (p=0.02) and wettability (p<0.001) was significant. There was a significant effect of the interaction of material and surface treatment on hardness and elastic modulus (p < 0.001) of RT-ALD-treated Y-SZ. The crystalline stability was only affected for 3Y-LT zirconia, with a gradual increase in t-m transformation after AA. Conclusions: HA affects zirconia-based materials in different degrees. Nanofilms of SiO2 were successfully deposited on Y-SZ and infiltrated 3Y-LT. Results indicate an improvement in the resistance of RT-ALD-3Y-SZ to prolonged degradation. Significance: The successful infiltration of the transformed layer by SiO2 could have the potential to effectively seal zirconia’s surface against degradation, expanding the application of zirconia-based materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".