“Clean, Drain, Dry, and Decontaminate” treatments and protocols to prevent the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aquatic invasive species (AIS) pose a significant threat to Canadian fresh, estuarine, and marine waters and threaten Canada’s biodiversity, economy, and society. To prevent the introduction and spread of AIS by water-based commercial and recreational activities, many government and non-government organizations encourage owners and operators to voluntarily Clean, Drain, and Dry (CDD) their watercraft, trailers, and equipment. In some cases, an additional Decontamination step may be applied (CDD+D) which has species-specific treatment parameters to achieve AIS mortality and/or removal. To date, a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of CDD+D protocols used in Canada for marine and freshwater AIS has not been conducted. This research document provides a review, by species, of effective decontamination treatments identified in the scientific literature and suggests treatment guidelines aimed to kill the greatest number of target AIS taxa. The effectiveness of recommendations in existing freshwater and marine CDD+D protocols used in AIS management across Canada or abroad were also assessed. Lethal decontamination treatments for AIS of interest from different functional and taxonomic groups (e.g., bivalves, gastropods, zooplankton, macrophytes, macroalgae, crabs, and tunicates) were evaluated and included physical (e.g., hot water spray/immersion, pressure washing, air-drying, and freezing) and chemical (e.g., sodium hypochlorite, acetic acid, quaternary ammonium compounds, salt water, Virkon©, brine, and hydrated lime) sprays/immersions or a combination of these. The scientific literature showed that several decontamination treatments can be lethal for AIS but only if applied for specific exposure times and conditions. Recommendations in government or state protocols mostly echoed the scientific literature and underline that CDD campaigns should continue to be supported across the country. In some cases, when additional decontamination is required, (e.g., a watercraft is at high risk of transporting AIS), temperature, pressure, and/or chemical treatments may need to be adjusted to ensure 100% mortality of a greater number of target AIS. Although numerous species- or environment-specific decontamination treatments were identified as effective at killing or removing AIS, no single decontamination treatment was applicable to all freshwater and marine AIS or to all watercraft and equipment. The results from this study will help develop national CDD+D recommendations and provide advice to Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s regulatory programs and to the Canadian public.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".