Southern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) summer distribution and habitat use in the southern Salish Sea and the Swiftsure Bank area (2009 to 2020)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Southern Resident Killer Whale (SRKW; Orcinus orca) population in Canadian Pacific waters is listed as Endangered under the Species at Risk Act. Efforts in support of recovery are underway from numerous government sectors, stakeholders, industry and others. Critical habitat has been identified for this population and includes the waters on the continental shelf off southwestern Vancouver Island and eastward to portions of the inner waters of the Salish Sea. As the spatial extent of critical habitat is large, there is a need to focus mitigation efforts on areas that have the greatest potential to provide benefits to the population. To support requests for advice on spatial and temporal boundaries identifying areas of high relative SRKW occurrence, a novel approach was undertaken to facilitate collation of disparate datasets and to address preferential sampling bias in sightings data. The results presented here indicate that from May to October, the highest SRKW frequency of occurrence is found in the waters in the vicinity of Swiftsure Bank, the eastern portion of Haro Strait, sections of Swanson Channel and Boundary Pass, and near the Fraser River. Analysis of behavioural data provides further information on habitat use and identifies key foraging areas at Swiftsure Bank and Haro Strait. Evaluation of acoustic detections and encounter durations from recorders deployed in SRKW critical habitat lend further support to strengthen the interpretation of sightings data and provide further information on fine scale habitat use within the population’s critical habitat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".