Mitigation measures to reduce the risk of Introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species through shellfish and macroalgal movements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) that are introduced or spread to ecosystems beyond their natural range can threaten Canada’s biodiversity, economy, and society. Shellfish and macroalgal movements are considered to be an important vector for the introduction and spread of AIS in marine ecosystems. To date, a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of treatments that could be used in Canada to kill or remove marine AIS from shellfish and macroalgae being moved and their impacts on those species has not been conducted. Thus, a wide variety of treatments are currently in use without national guidance or consistency. A literature review was undertaken to document the effectiveness of existing treatments to kill/remove AIS and their impacts on moved shellfish and macroalgal species. Effective treatments for AIS from different taxonomic groups (tunicates, bivalves, gastropods, crustaceans, sea stars, macroalgae, polychaetes, bryozoans, sponges, hydrozoans) were evaluated and included physical (pressure washing, air drying, freshwater, heat) and chemical (chlorine-based compounds, acetic acid, citric acid, brine, hydrated lime, Virkon®) sprays/immersions or combinations of these. Treatment impacts on moved species (mussels, oysters, scallops, macroalgae) were also evaluated. Numerous physical and chemical treatments were identified as being effective at killing or removing various AIS and several treatment options were also identified that have no/low impacts on moved shellfish species. Very little information was found for cultured macroalgae transfers. Although a few treatment options were applicable to a large number of AIS, no single treatment was found to be applicable to all AIS while maintaining shellfish survival. Given the context-dependency of treatment options, additional research is needed to develop national standards to mitigate AIS movements associated with shellfish and macroalgal movements in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".