Bibliographic record
Abstract
The research presented herein aims to: 1) Investigate the suitability of AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications in quantifying the design thermal gradients that account for cold wave events, 2) Study the effect of different climate parameters on thermal gradients to help improve current guidelines and ensure that thermal gradients are derived based on the actual bridge location, 3) Quantify the effect of freezing temperature on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of concrete, 4) Analyze the structural response of a bridge structure to cold wave events, while considering the effect of temperature on the magnitude and sign of the CTE of concrete, and 5) Investigate the effect of climate change on thermal load. The objectives of this work were achieved mainly using numerical finite element 3D models. Furthermore, the relationship between sub-freezing temperature and thermal strain was studied through experimental testing of concrete cylinders. A weather generator was used to simulate future climate conditions to study the impact of climate change on thermal loads. The findings indicated that current guidelines fail to capture the true thermal load distribution within a bridge superstructure, which leads to an underestimation of the resulting structural implications, particularly the tensile stresses at the bottom of the cross section. It was also determined that a correlation exists between the direct normal irradiance at a specific location and the resulting thermal differential in a bridge. In addition, the effects of subfreezing temperature on the CTE of concrete were found to be significant and to strongly impact the structural behavior of bridges under cold wave events. For instance, a significant increase in tensile stress in both transverse and vertical direction was predicted during a high intensity cold wave event, an issue which can cause concrete cracking. Furthermore, a methodology to model future hourly climate data was developed, through which it was determined that climate change will have considerable effects on thermal loads on bridges in the future. For example, it was determined that climate change can cause an increase of about 5℃ and 6℃ in the absolute maximum positive thermal differential in bridges located in Toronto and Whitehorse respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".