Should routine testing for Candidozyma auris be implemented in Canadian healthcare facilities?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Candidozyma auris (C. auris) is an emerging human fungal pathogen that was first discovered from a human external ear specimen from Japan in 2009 (Satoh et al. 2009 and Lockhart et al. 2023). However, a subsequent retrospective study found infections with C. auris as early as 1996 in South Korea initially misidentified as Candidozyma haemuli (Lee et al. 2011). The fungus has rapidly spread across six continents (Ahmad & Asadzadeh, 2023; World Health Organization [WHO], 2022). Extensive transmission has occurred in South Asia, South America, South Africa, and United States with some areas considered endemic (Jackson et al. 2019; Geremia et al. 2023; Reiner-McAfee et al. 2021; WHO, 2022). Analyses of genetic divergence between C. auris clades suggest that the pathogen likely emerged simultaneously in multiple locations globally (Akinbobola et al. 2023; Lockhart et al. 2017). Considering its thermotolerance (it can be cultured at temperatures as high as 42°C), climate change may have played a role in the evolution of C. auris as a human pathogen. (Ahmad & Asadzadeh, 2023; Jackson et al. 2019; WHO, 2022). Another factor in its emergence is the widespread use of antifungals in agriculture exerting a selective pressure on environmental yeasts (Akinbobola et al. 2023; WHO, 2022; WHO, 2025).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".