Bulgarian Economic Thought During the Ottoman Period (15th – 19th Centuries)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The chapter is focused on main principles that shaped Bulgarian economic thinking during the period from the 15th to the end of the third quarter of the 19th century. For most of this period, it was dominated by the norms of Orthodox Christianity, with its characteristic ethical assessments of labor, usury, etc. As the modernization processes progressed, economic ideas that were influenced by classical political economy also penetrated Bulgarian society. Among them, one can mention the ideas of free trade, encouragement of local production, and others. Original theoretical contributions cannot be found. Various economic ideas also penetrated among the activists for the national liberation of Bulgaria. They were focused mainly on an adequate institutional structure of the future Bulgarian state. In the program documents of the so-called revolutionary or radical organizations, ideas and projects for the economic development of the Bulgarians are rarely found, and in some of these documents there are no such ideas at all, except for the most general and recurring statements about the difficult situation of the people under Ottoman rule, which have mostly a motivational purpose.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".