Retreat of mountain glaciers from the Little Ice Age maxima in western Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Little Ice Age is a term describing a period of significant cooling compared to the long- term average of the current interglacial. During this period, there was a significant expansion of mountain glaciation worldwide. This study deals the retreat of mountains glaciers from the Little Ice Age maxima in western Canada. A total of 60 glaciers were mapped in three study areas in the mountains of northern British Columbia along the west-east climate transect. The study areas are located in the northern Coast Mountaisn, the northern Interior Mountains and the northern Canadian Rocky Mountains. The monitored glaciers were manually mapped using Landsat satellite imagery from 1977, 1987, 1997, 2007 a 2017. The glacier extent during the Little Ice Age maxima was mapped using PlanetScope satellite imagery with a resolution of 3 m, where it was possible to trace moraines from this maxima. The decline of the glacial area in the northern Coast Mountains from the Little Ice Age maxima to 2017 was 22,1 %, in the northern Interior Mountains 41,3 % and in the northern Canadian Rocky mountains 41,0 %. High variability was found for the relative glacier retreat among smaller glaciers in all study areas. This suggests that glacier response to climate change is not only conditioned by climatic factors, but also by...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".