Applications of transcranial focused ultrasound for primary brain tumors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Individuals diagnosed with primary brain tumors (PBTs) experience major morbidity and mortality, compounded by the risks associated with standard-of-care brain-directed therapeutic approaches. Recurrence remains inevitable in patients with high-grade gliomas (HGG), due to their brain-infiltrative growth hindering surgical removal, immunosuppressive tumor-microenvironment, dynamic disease evolution from their high cellular and molecular heterogeneity, and multi-faceted challenges to brain drug delivery, primarily stemming from the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This expert narrative review describes the current state of transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS), and its multi-modal applications for PBTs, including delivery of therapeutic agents and sono-liquid biopsy (via BBB opening), immunomodulation, radio-sensitization, and direct destruction of tumor cells/tissue via thermoablation, histotripsy, and sonodynamic therapy. BBB opening-based approaches have the most promising clinical evidence so far, warranting randomized comparative evalutions. Further translation will require standardized FUS treatment protocols, translational investigations nested into trials, coordinated global efforts, strategic trial design incorporating methodological advances, and implementation approaches enabling broader participation. Worldwide efforts to advance FUS will be aided by ongoing device evolution, support from professional societies, and the development of FUS research consortia (like ReFOCUSED). FUS applications open a potential combinatorial path forward with systemic therapies for "adaptive theragnostic" tumor management, thus targeting the root causes of therapeutic failure for HGG patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".