Focused ultrasound in pediatric neuro-oncology: Current applications and future directions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a minimally invasive procedure with recent applications to patients with neurosurgical conditions. To date, most neuro-oncologic applications of FUS have occurred in the adult population to target high-grade gliomas and brain metastases. Its potential applications in pediatric neuro-oncology are only just starting to be realized. In children, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been used to treat benign intracranial lesions such as hypothalamic hamartomas and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas. Experience is now accruing with the use of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) in conjunction with systemically administered microbubbles in children to disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) using magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS). The pediatric brain tumor for which this application has been used is diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), a typically fatal neoplasm in children ages 5-7 years. Here, the history of FUS is reviewed, the principles of FUS therapy are delineated, and a discussion of its applications in neuro-oncology with a focus on pediatric neuro-oncology is provided. Innovations in MRgFUS are ushering a new and exciting era of minimally invasive treatments for children with brain tumors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".