Bibliographic record
Abstract
モントリオール大学のサイバージャスティス研究所(CJL)は、情報通信技術による司法アクセス 向上の研究を通じ、電子商取引の発展に伴って生ずる少額多数紛争の解決には、裁判所における 訴訟手続よりも裁判外紛争解決手続、かつ対面手続よりもオンライン手続が、効率性において優 れているとの着想に至った。そして、ODRを公的資金で運営することは、紛争解決が適切に実施 されれば司法アクセスの救済となり、国家の役割の論理的延長として正統性を有すると考えた。 また、和解的手続を裁断的手続に前置することで、当事者と裁判所の双方にとって時間と費用の 節約になると考え、これらの着想がCJLによるPARLeの開発につながった。 PARLeは、Platform to Aid in the Resolution of Litigation electonically(電子的訴訟解決支援プラッ トフォーム)を、フランス語の動詞parler(話す)や、英語の動詞parley(交渉する)と近い響き で表現した略称である 。PARLeは、裁判外紛争解決手続を支援するツールを提供するプラットフ ォームであるが、名称が示すように、裁判所における手続も実施可能なものとして開発されてい る。 PARLeによる紛争解決手続は、交渉、和解のあっせん(facilitated settlement)、最終段階(third (final) stage)の３段階モデル をベースにするが、運営者や制度設営者の必要に応じ、柔軟に追加 や割愛可能である。ケベック州消費者保護局は、2016年11月からPARLeを利用したODR(交渉と 和解のあっせん)のパイロット施行を開始しており、和解率、利用者満足率ともに高いようであ る。このほか、オンタリオ州が運営する完全オンライン裁判所であるコンドミニアム審判所も、P ARLeを実用化したODRである。 研究はおおむね順調に進んできたが、近時世界的に注目を集めるAI(人工知能)とODRの関係に ついて、留学期間の延長を許可頂いた次年度に、さらに研究する予定である。 The Cyberjustice Laboratory (CJL) at the University of Montreal, through its research on improving access to justice through information and communication technology, elaborated the concept that online dispute resolution (ODR) was more efficient than in-person court proceedings, especially for small claim disputes arising from e-commerce.Publicly funded ODR can be deemed an extended state's role, as it provides a remedy for access to justice.In addition, the CJL believed that the conciliatory proceeding before the decisional one would save time and cost for the parties and the courts.These ideas prompted the CJL to create the PARLe.PARLe is an abbreviation of "Platform to Aid in the Resolution of Litigation Electronically," which sounds like the French verb parler (to speak) or the English verb parley (to negotiate).PARLe is the platform to assist out-of-court dispute resolution.Nevertheless, as its name suggests, it was also developed to be able to conduct court proceedings.PARLe consists of three stages: negotiation, facilitated settlement, and a third (final) stage, with the flexibility to add or omit a stage upon the necessity of the system operator.The Quebec Consumer Protection Agency began ODR (negotiation and mediation) using PARLe in November 2016.It seems that both settlement rates and user satisfaction rates of their ODR are high.In addition, Condominium Authority Tribunal established by Province of Ontario is another example of ODR by PARLe.Although my research has progressed well so far, I will conduct further research on the relationship between ODR and AI (Artificial Intelligence), which has recently been attracting worldwide attention, in the following year when I have been granted an extension of my sabbatical period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".