H.K. Thakur & B. Bhatia (2025). Democracy, multiculturalism and security – Indo-Canadian relations under the shadow of Khalistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The recent "referendum" on Khalistan organised by Sikhs for Justice (SFJ) in Ottawa on November 24, 2025, has reignited a diplomatic tinderbox between India and Canada. The word 'Khalistan', in the Punjabi language means 'Land of the Pure' representing the desire of a small group of Sikhs who consider themselves as a separate nation in the northern Indian state of Punjab. The Government of India has raised concerns over pro- Khalistan actions in Canada, stating that they pose a significant risk to India's sovereignty and security. The Khalistan Movement was originated in the 1970s which sought to establish a sovereign state governed by Sikhs. It acquired significant influence in 1980s affecting the Punjab state of India. The book titled "Democracy, Multiculturalism, and Security: Indo- Canadian Relations under the Shadow of Khalistan", edited by Harish K. Thakur and Binesh Bhatia (2025) is anthology of research papers from scholars, academicians and subject experts dissecting the Khalistan movement's diaspora dimension. In June 2023, the assassination of Advocate Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a renowned Sikh activist for the Khalistan cause in Canada has substantially influenced India- Canada ties. Nijjar was a separatist, seen by some people as a prominent advocate for Sikh rights within the community, while for others, notably the Indian government, a terrorist engaged in operations supporting referendums and secessionism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".