Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) is a widespread Holarctic species whose normal breeding range in eastern North America extends south from Canada to southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, and into Pennsylvania (Marks et al. 1994, Weidensaul 2015).The species is both migratory and nomadic (Weidensaul 2015).In the East, its winter range extends south to Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina, and rarely farther south to Georgia and the Gulf coast (Weidensaul 2015).In Tennessee it has generally been considered to be a rare winter resident (Somershoe and Sloan 2015).A search of The Migrant revealed 56 records scattered statewide in at least 25 counties dating from the 1920s through 2018, attesting to its status as rare in Tennessee.However, it is likely that others go undetected due to this owl's nocturnal habits, retiring nature, poorly known calls, and preference for roosting in dense vegetation.Analysis of pellets is a standard method of studying the diet of owls.Most large and medium-sized owls, including Long-eared, typically swallow small vertebrate and invertebrate prey items whole.Undigested parts, such as bones, fur, feathers, and chitinous arthropod exoskeletons, are cast into a pellet that is regurgitated.Long-eared Owls specialize on small mammalian prey (Marti 1976), thus pellet analysis should yield accurate diet composition.While food studies of the Long-eared Owl in North America are numerous (Marti 1976, Marks et al. 1994, and references therein), most are from Canada or the northern and western United States, with few from the southeast.Two diet studies come from Kentucky (Abel and Ritchison 1995, Machniak andElliot 1997), but there is just one from Tennessee.Klippel and Parmalee (1982) examined 71 complete pellets and numerous loose bones taken from underneath a Long-eared Owl roost in Maury County in middle Tennessee.The roost was used for parts of three consecutive winters.The following is a pellet analysis for a site in northeast Tennessee occupied by a Long-eared Owl for part of one winter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".